水力压裂分布式光纤监测方案与数据采集策略分析

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2096-1693.2026.02.025

石油科学通报 ›› 2026, Vol. 11 ›› Issue (3): 734-756. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-1693.2026.02.025

水力压裂分布式光纤监测方案与数据采集策略分析

隋微波¹^,^*(), 韦世明², 王行¹, 宋龙庆³

¹ 中国石油大学(北京)石油工程学院，北京 102249
² 中国石油大学(北京)理学院，北京 102249
³ 大庆油田测试技术服务分公司，大庆 163414

收稿日期:2025-12-09 修回日期:2026-01-23 出版日期:2026-06-15 发布日期:2026-06-30
通讯作者: *隋微波(1981年—)，教授，博导，主要从事油气田开发及智能完井等研究工作，suiweibo@cup.edu.cn。
作者简介:隋微波(1981年—)，教授，博导，主要从事油气田开发及智能完井等研究工作，suiweibo@cup.edu.cn。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金重点项目《提高超深大斜度井压裂效率的关键力学问题研究》(52334001)

Analysis of distributed fiber-optic monitoring schemes and data acquisition strategies for hydraulic fracturing

SUI Weibo¹^,^*(), WEI Shiming², WANG Xing¹, SONG Longqing³

¹ College of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
² College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
³ Testing Technology Service Branch Company, Daqing Oilfield Co., Ltd, Daqing 163414, China

Received:2025-12-09 Revised:2026-01-23 Online:2026-06-15 Published:2026-06-30
Contact: *suiweibo@cup.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

分布式光纤监测技术已成为水力压裂裂缝诊断与压裂效果评价的重要手段。该技术能够沿井筒提供连续、高空间分辨率的传感响应，因此可为裂缝起裂、裂缝扩展、裂缝沟通、流体分布以及产量贡献识别提供有效方法。然而，由于技术方案多样、监测目标各不相同，同时光纤监测作用机制认识以及数据采集、处理和解释方法不断发展，使得该技术在水力压裂监测中的有效应用仍面临一定挑战。为推动该技术的规范化设计与合理应用，本文对光纤监测技术在水力压裂中的监测方法与技术经验进行了回顾和总结。基于国内外11个典型水力压裂试验场的现场实践，本文系统总结了光纤监测技术在压裂过程监测和压后生产评价中的监测方案设计与数据采集策略。首先，针对水力压裂光纤监测方案的选择，从压裂过程中井筒内监测、邻井监测以及压后生产剖面监测3类主要应用场景出发，讨论了其可能获得的监测效果、相应解释技术以及现场实施中的技术难点。重点分析了不同监测方案在监测目的、适用条件和解释逻辑方面的差异，包括裂缝击中识别、近井筒裂缝起裂、裂缝扩展特征、井间裂缝沟通、簇效率评价以及压后产量贡献分析等。其次，在水力压裂光纤监测重要技术参数选取方面，依据各类矿场实践成果，对光纤布设方式、空间分辨率、采样间距与频率、邻井监测井距等技术参数的选择及其影响进行了总结分析。最后，对光纤监测数据采集与存储方法进行了讨论。除现场数据记录的基本要求外，本文重点分析了标准化数据存储格式、采集数据质量控制、海量数据全生命周期管理，以及与边缘网关、云平台和人工智能解释方法等技术融合的未来发展方向。分析认为，单一光纤监测配置难以满足所有监测目标，监测方案应根据地质与工程条件、拟获取的目标信息以及可用解释方法进行针对性设计。因此，明确的监测目标、合理的光纤部署策略和标准化的数据工作流程，是提高光纤监测结果可靠性和适用性的重要前提。本文可为水力压裂光纤监测方案设计、技术参数选取以及解释方法发展提供具有实践意义的参考，并可为光纤监测技术的进一步完善与现场应用提供支撑。

关键词: 水力压裂, 裂缝扩展, 分布式光纤, DAS, DTS, LF-DAS

Abstract:

Distributed fiber-optic monitoring technology has become an important tool for hydraulic fracturing fracture diagnosis and fracturing performance evaluation. This technology can provide continuous and high-spatial-resolution sensing responses along the wellbore, and therefore provides an effective method for identifying fracture initiation, fracture propagation, fracture communication, fluid distribution, and production contribution. However, due to the diversity of technical schemes and the different monitoring objectives, together with the continuous development of the understanding of fiber-optic monitoring mechanisms and data acquisition, processing, and interpretation methods, the effective application of this technology in hydraulic fracturing monitoring still faces certain challenges. To promote the standardized design and reasonable application of this technology, this paper reviews and summarizes the monitoring methods and technical experience of fiber-optic monitoring technology in hydraulic fracturing.

Based on field practices from 11 typical hydraulic fracturing test sites at home and abroad, this paper systematically summarizes the monitoring scheme design and data acquisition strategies of fiber-optic monitoring technology in fracturing process monitoring and post-fracturing production evaluation. First, regarding the selection of hydraulic fracturing fiber-optic monitoring schemes, this paper discusses the possible monitoring results, corresponding interpretation techniques, and technical difficulties in field implementation from three major application scenarios: in-well monitoring during fracturing, offset-well monitoring, and post-fracturing production profile monitoring. The differences among different monitoring schemes in monitoring objectives, applicable conditions, and interpretation logic are mainly analyzed, including fracture hit identification, near-wellbore fracture initiation, fracture propagation characteristics, interwell fracture communication, cluster efficiency evaluation, and post-fracturing production contribution analysis. Second, in terms of the selection of important technical parameters for hydraulic fracturing fiber-optic monitoring, based on various field practices, the selection and influence of technical parameters such as fiber deployment mode, spatial resolution, sampling interval and frequency, and monitoring well spacing in offset-well monitoring are summarized and analyzed. Finally, the methods of fiber-optic monitoring data acquisition and storage are discussed. In addition to the basic requirements of field data recording, this paper focuses on standardized data storage formats, quality control of acquired data, full lifecycle management of massive datasets, and future development directions involving integration with edge gateways, cloud platforms, and artificial intelligence-based interpretation methods.

The analysis shows that a single fiber-optic monitoring configuration is difficult to meet all monitoring objectives, and the monitoring scheme should be specifically designed according to geological and engineering conditions, the target information to be obtained, and the available interpretation methods. Therefore, clear monitoring objectives, a reasonable fiber deployment strategy, and a standardized data workflow are important prerequisites for improving the reliability and applicability of fiber-optic monitoring results. This paper provides a practical reference for the design of hydraulic fracturing fiber-optic monitoring schemes, the selection of technical parameters, and the development of interpretation methods, and also provides support for the further improvement and field application of fiber-optic monitoring technology.

Key words: hydraulic fracturing, fracture propagation, distributed fiber optic, DAS, DTS, LF-DAS

中图分类号:

TE257
TE33

隋微波, 韦世明, 王行, 宋龙庆. 水力压裂分布式光纤监测方案与数据采集策略分析[J]. 石油科学通报, 2026, 11(3): 734-756.

SUI Weibo, WEI Shiming, WANG Xing, SONG Longqing. Analysis of distributed fiber-optic monitoring schemes and data acquisition strategies for hydraulic fracturing[J]. Petroleum Science Bulletin, 2026, 11(3): 734-756.

https://sykxtb.cup.edu.cn/CN/Y2026/V11/I3/734

图/表 19

表1 国内外主要水力压裂试验场信息列表

Table 1 List of major hydraulic fracturing test sites

序号	国家	水力压裂试验场名称	储层类型	储层深度/m
1	科威特	Bahrah油田压裂监测^[16]	致密碳酸盐岩储层
2	阿曼	Ghaba盆地气田压裂监测^[17-19]	致密砂岩储层
3	加拿大	套内DAS监测项目1期(简称CanDiD-1)^[20-23]	Montney盆地页岩储层	约3000
4	美国	科罗拉多DJ盆地压裂监测^[24-29]	Niobrara与Codell致密砂岩与页岩储层	约2300
5	美国	Marcellus页岩能源与环境实验室压裂试验场 (简称MSEEL)^[30-33]	Marcellus盆地页岩气储层	约2500
6	美国	能源部水力压裂试验场1期(简称HFTS-1)^[34]	Midland盆地页岩储层	1600~1900
7	美国	能源部水力压裂试验场2期(简称HFTS-2)^[35]	Delaware盆地页岩储层	约3500
8	美国	Austin Chalk和Eagle Ford压裂试验场 (简称ACEFFL)^[36-37]	Eagle Ford盆地页岩储层	约3300
9	中国	长庆油田庆城页岩油水力压裂试验场1期^[38-41]	鄂尔多斯盆地长7页岩油储层	约2000
10	中国	涪陵页岩气田水力压裂试验场^[42-43]	四川盆地龙马溪页岩气储层	约3200
11	中国	西南油气田泸州页岩气水力压裂监测^[44]	四川盆地龙马溪页岩气储层	约3800

图1 压裂本井DTS监测解释需要考虑的复杂因素：(a)压裂井近井区域高渗带、主裂缝和次生裂缝分布示意图^[54]^；(b)考虑次生裂缝条件下的压裂过程DTS监测结果拟合^[52]^；(c)DTS监测结果受到套管外固定光纤卡扣影响^[54]

Fig. 1 Complex factors in DTS data interpretation: (a) Distribution of the primary fracture and secondary fractures in the near-well high-perm region^[54]; (b) matched temperature profile during fracturing process considering the existing of the secondary fracture^[52]; (c) DTS-measured temperature profile under the influence of fiber optic clamps behind casing^[54]

图2 压裂液流经射孔孔眼声波特征研究的室内实验研究设备与典型结果

Fig. 2 Experimental apparatus setup and results of laboratory study on acoustic characteristics of fracturing fluid flow through perforation hole

图3 DAS与DTS联合反演压裂泵注剖面工作流程图

Fig. 3 The flowchart of the flow profile inversion based on DAS/DTS joint monitoring

图4 压裂本井低频DAS应变—温度解耦数据效果图^[65]：(a)某压裂段压裂过程中原始低频DAS总应变与DTS测得的温度变化曲线；(b)实施低频DAS应变—温度解耦算法后获得的机械应变与原始低频DAS总应变曲线

Fig. 4 In-well LF-DAS strain-temperature decoupling results^[65]: (a) equivalent strain change versus temperature change; (b) equivalent strain change versus mechanical strain change after strain-temperature decoupling

图5 某压裂段压裂过程中低频DAS监测的相关数据应用于自动暂堵评价方法：(a)相位变化率数据；(b)应变率数据；(c)压裂施工曲线；(d)累计应变数据^[66]

Fig. 5 Application of in-well LF-DAS measurements acquired from a fracturing process to automated diversion evaluation: (a) phase rate; (b) strain rate; (c) treatment curves; (d) accumulated strain^[66]

图6 邻井低频DAS应变响应基本模式总结^[78]

Fig. 6 Summary of basic cross-well LF-DAS response patterns^[78]

图7 邻井低频DAS应变监测分析解释工作流程示意图

Fig. 7 The flowchart of cross-well LF-DAS strain monitoring analysis and interpretation

图8 早期限流压裂井与密切割压裂井压后回暖温度变化数据^[52]

Fig. 8 Post-fracturing warmback temperature profile from limited-entry fractured wells and closely-spaced fractured wells^[52]

图9 DAS数据处理的一般流程^[87]

Fig. 9 The workflow of DAS data processing^[87]

图10 气水两相页岩气井产剖测试DAS声波能量特征频段与低频DAS热羽流图共同反演气水分布^[89]

Fig. 10 Gas-water flow profile inversion by integrating DAS FBE and LF-DAS thermal plume maps in a two-phase shale gas well^[89]

图11 DSS-RFS光纤传感器进行压后裂缝有效性监测的原理示意图^[96]

Fig. 11 Schematic diagram of the DSS-RFS post-fracturing fracture effectiveness monitoring^[96]

图12 套内与套外光纤布设方式对邻井压裂应变响应监测效果对比

Fig. 12 Comparison of cross-well monitoring performance under different fiber cable deployment methods

图13 致密气储层水平井裸眼封隔器投球滑套压裂后DTS产剖监测温度分布

Fig. 13 DTS-measured temperature profile for production monitoring after ball-drop sliding sleeve fracturing with openhole packers in a tight gas horizontal well

图14 DAS设备空间测点间距与标距关系示意图^[106]

Fig. 14 Schematic diagram of gauge length and spatial sampling interval^[106]

图15 不同标距设备进行压裂邻井低频DAS应变监测结果对比

Fig. 15 Cross-well LF-DAS strain rate waterfall plots under various gauge length

图16 DTS空间分辨率与热源长度关系对温度响应影响的理论研究结果与压裂井产剖监测实际影响：(a)DTS空间分辨率与热源长度关系对温度响应影响的理论研究结果^[109]^；(b)压裂井产剖DTS监测考虑“温度消弭”效应的拟合结果；(c)压裂井产剖DTS监测未考虑“温度消弭”效应的拟合结果^[54]

Fig. 16 Theoretical and practical impact of the DTS spatial resolution-heat source length relationship on temperature response and production profile monitoring in fractured wells: (a) DTS response to hot-spots of varying width relative to spatial resolution^[109]; (b) matched mean temperature profile considering spatial resolution of DTS; (c) matched mean temperature profile without considering spatial resolution of DTS^[54]

表2 国内外主要水力压裂试验场邻井监测井距

Table 2 List of monitoring well spacing at major hydraulic fracturing test sites

序号	国家	水力压裂试验场名称	监测井距	储层类型
1	加拿大	套内DAS监测项目1期(CanDiD-1)^[20-23]	水平邻井200~300 m，垂直邻井65~85 m	页岩气储层
2	美国	科罗拉多DJ盆地压裂监测^[24-29]	水平邻井200 m，垂直邻井67 m	页岩油储层
3	美国	Marcellus页岩能源与环境实验室压裂试验场(MSEEL)^[30-33]	水平邻井267 m	页岩气储层
4	美国	能源部水力压裂试验场1期(HFTS-1)^[34]	水平邻井200 m	页岩油储层
5	美国	能源部水力压裂试验场2期(HFTS-2)^[35]	水平邻井200 m，垂直邻井67 m	页岩油储层
6	美国	Austin Chalk和Eagle Ford压裂试验场 (ACEFFL)^[36-37]	水平邻井约333 m	页岩气储层
7	中国	长庆油田庆城页岩油水力压裂试验场1期^[38-41]	水平邻井250 m	页岩油储层
8	中国	涪陵页岩气田水力压裂试验场^[42-43]	水平邻井130 m、160 m	页岩气储层
9	中国	西南油气田泸州页岩气水力压裂监测^[44]	水平邻井350 m、400 m	页岩气储层

图17 DAS数据处理存储全生命周期示意图^[123]

Fig. 17 Schematic diagram of the full lifecycle of DAS data processing and storage^[123]

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水力压裂分布式光纤监测方案与数据采集策略分析

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