水力压裂本井分布式光纤声波监测多频段数据特征分析方法

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2096-1693.2026.02.023

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

分布式光纤声波传感(DAS)监测技术已逐渐成为水力压裂监测的常规手段。然而目前国内外对DAS本井监测数据的应用与研究主要集中在基于声波能量监测的流动剖面定性分析与定量反演，对千赫兹级本井DAS监测数据所蕴含的多类型信息利用有限。压裂过程DAS多频段响应特征与井下流动、近井储层变形以及施工参数变化之间的关系仍不明确。为深度发掘DAS压裂监测数据应用价值，本文构建了一套适用于压裂本井DAS监测的多频段数据特征分析方法。首先通过低频DAS提取与温度应变解耦算法获取本井机械应变，揭示压裂过程近井地带裂缝分布与演化特征。随后结合全频段DAS信号精细频谱分析方法，进一步研究裂缝演化、施工参数变化与不同频段DAS响应特征之间的关联与规律。通过多频段特征分析方法可进一步挖掘压裂本井DAS海量监测数据，获取较以往更多维的响应指示与解释结果。应用该方法对一口实例井压裂过程的DAS声波能量监测数据进行分析，提取了频域特征与应变演化信息，识别了井下流动与近井地带变形事件。结果表明：压裂本井DAS信号的低频部分能够反映“簇”一级的水力裂缝动态信息；2000~3000 Hz频段数据反映了压裂液在水力裂缝中的流动特征，发现排量与该频段能量、相对频段能量之间存在正相关关系；与劣势进液射孔簇相比，优势进液簇处的DAS信号在4000 Hz以上频段出现明显、持续的高幅值响应；砂浓度与射孔簇处4000~5000 Hz频段能量、相对频段能量负相关。研究结果可为压裂过程本井DAS声波能量监测的实时分析提供新的方法，并为矿场DAS监测采样频率的合理选择与信号响应解释提供参考。

关键词: 分布式光纤声波传感, 压裂本井监测, 本井低频DAS, 精细频谱分析, 多频段特征分析, 低频应变提取

Abstract:

Distributed fiber optic acoustic sensing (DAS) has gradually become a common means for hydraulic fracturing monitoring. However, current applications and research, both domestically and internationally, primarily focus on qualitative analysis and quantitative inversion of fracturing fluid flow profile based on acoustic energy analysis. The multi-source information contained in kilohertz-range DAS data acquired from the treatment well has yet to be fully exploited. The relationships among DAS multi-frequency band response characteristics, downhole flow behavior, near-wellbore region deformation, and changes in operation parameters remain poorly understood. To more fully leverage the potential value of the in-well DAS fracturing monitoring data, this study develops a multi-frequency band feature analysis method specifically designed for in-well DAS measurements. First, low-frequency DAS extraction combined with temperature-strain decoupling algorithm is employed to obtain mechanical strain change along the treatment well, thereby revealing the distribution and evolution of near-wellbore fractures during hydraulic fracturing. Subsequently, fine spectral analysis methods for full-band DAS signal is applied to further investigate the linkage and underlying pattern among fracture evolution, operation parameters variation, and DAS response characteristics across different frequency bands. By combining the analysis of multi-frequency band feature, the presented method enables a more comprehensive interpretation of in-well fracturing monitoring DAS data than previously possible. The proposed method is applied to analyze DAS measurements acquired during the fracturing process of a horizontal well. Frequency-domain features and strain evolution information were successfully extracted, enabling the identification of downhole flow and near-wellbore region deformation events. The result indicate that: The low-frequency component of the in-well DAS signal is found to capture hydraulic fracture dynamic behavior at the individual cluster level. The 2000~3000 Hz frequency band of the DAS signal at perforating cluster locations reflects the flow behavior of fracturing fluid within hydraulic fractures. A positive correlation is observed between injection rate and both the acoustic energy and the relative band power in the 2000~3000 Hz frequency band. Compared to underperforming fluid-inflow clusters, dominant fluid-inflow clusters exhibit a distinct and sustained high-amplitude response in the DAS signals above 4000 Hz. Sand concentration is negatively correlated with both the acoustic energy and the relative band power in the 4000~5000 Hz frequency band at the perforating cluster location. This study can provide new methods for the real-time analysis of in-well DAS acoustic energy monitoring during the fracturing process. Additionally, the finding offer guidance for the rational selection of DAS sampling frequency and offer the reference for the interpretation of signal response in the field application.

Key words: distributed acoustic sensing, in-well fracturing monitoring, in-well LF-DAS, fine spectral analysis, multi-frequency band feature analysis, low-frequency strain extraction

中图分类号:

TE257
TE355

宋佳忆, 隋微波, 杜广浩, 李积雯. 水力压裂本井分布式光纤声波监测多频段数据特征分析方法[J]. 石油科学通报, 2026, 11(3): 769-784.

SONG Jiayi, SUI Weibo, DU Guanghao, LI Jiwen. Multi-frequency band feature analysis method for in-well distributed fiber optic acoustic sensing during hydraulic fracturing[J]. Petroleum Science Bulletin, 2026, 11(3): 769-784.

https://sykxtb.cup.edu.cn/CN/Y2026/V11/I3/769

图/表 17

图1 压裂过程本井DAS监测多频段数据特征分析流程图

Fig. 1 Multi-frequency band feature analysis flowchart for in-well DAS measured during the fracturing process

图2 压裂本井DAS原始数据与LF-DAS瀑布图

Fig. 2 Waterfall plots of the raw in-well DAS data and in-well LF-DAS

图3 窗函数算法示意图

Fig. 3 The window function method schematic diagram

图4 解耦前后应变变化瀑布图

Fig. 4 Strain change waterfall plots before and after decoupling

图5 停泵时刻温度变化剖面与应变变化剖面

Fig. 5 Temperature change profile vs. strain change profile at the end of pumping

图6 压裂过程DAS频谱瀑布图

Fig. 6 DAS spectrogram of the fracturing process

图7 动态峰值形态约束特征提取算法流程图

Fig. 7 Peak morphology constrained detection algorithm flowchart

图8 特征频段识别结果^[42]

Fig. 8 Feature band identification results^[42]

图9 第A压裂级压时DAS瀑布图与施工曲线

Fig. 9 High-frequency DAS waterfall plot and the fracturing treatment curves at stage A

图10 A级压裂期间应变时间切片

Fig. 10 Timing-slicing plots of strain profile at Stage A

图11 邻井压裂期间实例井LF-DAS瀑布图

Fig. 11 Cross-well LF-DAS waterfall plot measured by the example well

图12 非压裂段测点处DAS信号频谱瀑布图

Fig. 12 DAS spectrogram of the unfractured zone

图13 压裂段测点处DAS信号频谱瀑布图

Fig. 13 DAS spectrogram of the fractured zone

图14 不同工况频段能量雷达图

Fig. 14 Frequency band energy radar charts

图15 相关系数热力图

Fig. 15 Heatmap of correlation coefficients

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