分布式光纤声波传感井中地震勘探技术应用进展

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2096-1693.2026.01.024

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

分布式光纤声波传感技术(DAS)作为近年来快速发展的地球物理勘探新方法，凭借低成本、高空间采样密度与全井段连续监测等优势，在井中垂直地震剖面(VSP)中展现出显著潜力。本文系统综述了该技术的基本原理、采集方式及地震波传播特征，分析了其在油气勘探中的应用进展与典型实例。分布式光纤声波传感通过检测光纤内部瑞利散射信号的相位变化，实现对井下应变场的高灵敏度测量，可同时获取透射波、反射波及散射波等多种波场信息。与传统检波器垂直地震剖面相比，该技术具有施工效率高、布设灵活、耐高温高压及适合长期连续观测等突出优点。然而，其方向敏感性和信噪比较低等问题仍限制了成像精度与波场完整性。文章进一步讨论了当前面临的技术挑战，包括单分量应变响应的固有局限以及复杂井况下的数据质量保障难题，并介绍了近年来在螺旋光缆多分量传感、深度学习去噪、全波形反演及井地联合成像等方面的研究进展。未来，分布式光纤声波传感垂直地震剖面技术将向多分量传感、智能信号处理、全波形反演及井地联合成像等方向发展，推动其在油藏全生命周期监测与高分辨率构造成像中的广泛应用。

关键词: 分布式光纤声波传感, 井中地震, 波场传播, 全波形反演, 油气勘探

Abstract:

Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) technology, as a rapidly developing geophysical exploration method in recent years, offers advantages such as low cost, high spatial sampling density, and continuous monitoring along the entire wellbore, demonstrating significant potential in borehole Vertical Seismic Profile (VSP) applications. This paper systematically reviews the fundamental principles, acquisition methods, and seismic wave propagation characteristics of DAS technology, and analyzes its application progress and typical case studies in oil and gas exploration. By detecting phase changes in Rayleigh backscattered signals within the optical fiber, DAS enables high-sensitivity measurement of downhole strain fields and can simultaneously acquire various wavefield information, including transmitted, reflected, and scattered waves. Compared with conventional geophone-based VSP, this technology offers distinct advantages such as higher operational efficiency, flexible deployment, resilience to high temperatures and high pressures, and suitability for long-term continuous observation. However, challenges including directional sensitivity and relatively low signal-to-noise ratio still limit imaging accuracy and wavefield completeness. The paper further discusses current technical challenges, including the inherent limitations of single-component strain response and difficulties in ensuring data quality under complex wellbore conditions, and reviews recent research progress in areas such as multi-component sensing using helically wound cables, deep learning based denoising, full-waveform inversion, and integrated surface-borehole imaging. In the future, DAS-VSP technology will advance toward multi-component sensing, intelligent signal processing, full-waveform inversion, and integrated surface-borehole imaging, promoting its extensive application in full lifecycle reservoir monitoring and high-resolution structural imaging.

Key words: distributed acoustic sensing, borehole seismology, wavefield propagation, full-waveform inversion, oil and gas exploration

中图分类号:

P618.13
TE13

黄鑫, 张鲲鹏, 周彤, 曾皓, 李媛媛. 分布式光纤声波传感井中地震勘探技术应用进展[J]. 石油科学通报, 2026, 11(3): 757-768.

HUANG Xin, ZHANG Kunpeng, ZHOU Tong, ZENG Hao, LI Yuanyuan. Application progress of distributed acoustic sensing in borehole seismic exploration[J]. Petroleum Science Bulletin, 2026, 11(3): 757-768.

https://sykxtb.cup.edu.cn/CN/Y2026/V11/I3/757

图/表 9

图1 DAS-VSP数据采集系统示意图

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the DAS-VSP data acquisition system

图2 不同的光纤铺设方式

Fig. 2 Different optical fiber laying methods

图3 多波场分类示意图

Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of multi-wavefield classification

表1 DAS采集和常规VSP采集对比

Table 1 Comparison between DAS and traditional VSP

参数	DAS采集	常规VSP采集
检波器	单分量	三分量
级数	全井段	级数有限(80~100级)
级间距	高密度(分米级)	10~20 m
设备成本	低	高
施工效率	高效率	放置井下检波器耗时费力
耐温耐压性	耐高温高压	差
布设规模	可大规模长期布设	不能大规模布设
施工时长	布设后不占用井口作业时间	占井施工时间长
井况要求	适合不同井况	高
井控要求	井下安全系数高	高

图4 DAS与检波器Z分量VSP采集效果对比图^[5]

Fig. 4 Comparison diagram of VSP acquisition effects between DAS and geophone Z-component^[5]

图5 采用常规检波器生成的VSP 图像以及DAS生成的图像^[26]

Fig. 5 VSP images generated by conventional geophones and images generated by DAS^[26]

图6 采用井中工具深度标志点实施数据驱动的深度校正效果^[34]

Fig. 6 Effect of implementing data-driven depth correction using depth markers of downhole tools^[34]

图7 VSP稀疏理论降噪效果^[43]

Fig. 7 Denoising effect of VSP sparsity theory^[43]

图8 人工智能方法在DAS-VSP数据去噪中的效果对比研究^[52]

Fig. 8 A comparative study on the effectiveness of AI-based denoising methods for DAS-VSP data^[52]

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