CO<sub>2</sub>地质封存—地热开发—地下储能协同技术发展现状与展望

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2096-1693.2026.02.027

石油科学通报 ›› 2026, Vol. 11 ›› Issue (3): 785-803. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-1693.2026.02.027

CO₂地质封存—地热开发—地下储能协同技术发展现状与展望

崔启亮¹^,²(), 宋先知¹^,²^,^*(), 石宇³, 王高升¹^,², 杨子江³

¹ 中国石油大学(北京)深层地热富集机理与高效开发全国重点实验室，北京 102249
² 中国石油大学(北京)油气资源与工程全国重点实验室，北京 102249
³ 西南交通大学地球科学与工程学院，成都 611756

收稿日期:2026-01-05 修回日期:2026-04-09 出版日期:2026-06-15 发布日期:2026-06-30
通讯作者: *宋先知(1982年—)，教授，博导，主要从事地热钻完井理论与技术方面的研究工作，songxz@cup.edu.cn。
作者简介:崔启亮(1999年—)，在读博士研究生，主要研究方向为含水层储热、CO₂地质封存和地下压缩气体储能研究，cuiqiliang1112@163.com。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金委员会杰出青年科学基金项目“油气井流体力学与工程”(52125401);高等学校学科创新引智基地(B25049);编号：B17045(B17045);国家自然科学基金联合基金项目(U24B2032);国家自然科学基金面上项目(52374010);国家自然科学基金创新研究群体项目(2421002)

Advances and prospects of synergistic systems combining CO₂ geological storage, geothermal exploitation, and underground energy storage

CUI Qiliang¹^,²(), SONG Xianzhi¹^,²^,^*(), SHI Yu³, WANG Gaosheng¹^,², YANG Zijiang³

¹ State Key Laboratory of Deep Geothermal Resources, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
² State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
³ Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China

Received:2026-01-05 Revised:2026-04-09 Online:2026-06-15 Published:2026-06-30
Contact: *songxz@cup.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

CO₂地质封存—地热开发—地下储能协同技术是有机结合CO₂地质封存、地热开发利用与压缩CO₂储能技术的新颖尝试，是助力我国尽快完成“双碳”目标的关键技术。为此，本文凝练了CO₂地质封存—地热开发—地下储能协同过程关键协同理论机制，梳理了CO₂封存与羽流地热系统、增强型地热系统、含水层储热和压缩气体储能等技术协同的特点和技术现状，总结了每种技术目前面临的主要挑战，最后提出了CO₂地质封存—地热开发—地下储能协同技术路径，并展望了协同技术未来的发展趋势。CO₂地质封存与地热开发和地下储能相结合后，涉及两相渗流、传热、岩体变形和矿化反应之间复杂的相互作用，循环储能使各物理场时空演化规律更加复杂。现有协同技术，包括CO₂羽流地热系统、CO₂增强型地热系统、CO₂含水层储热系统和压缩CO₂储能系统，已在流动传热特性、多场耦合规律、系统性能优化等方面开展了广泛的研究工作，为CO₂地质封存—地热开发—地下储能协同技术奠定了良好基础。三者协同可以实现“低碳—取热—储能”的三重目标，是未来能源系统低碳化的重要方向，有望成为“双碳”目标下的关键技术。主要的研究方向分为以下4个方面：(1)协同过程热—流—固—化多场耦合机制研究；(2)多孔储层改造与缝网长期稳定性分析；(3)封存潜力与取热性能综合评价优化；(4)封存—取热—储能全生命周期智能化调控。随着深地勘探技术的不断发展，超深储层将成为CO₂地质封存—地热开发—地下储能协同技术重点关注的选址对象。目前CO₂地质封存—地热开发—地下储能协同相关理论技术仍处在起步阶段，亟需解决工具设施腐蚀结垢、高温高压环境系统适应性以及与其它能源系统耦合等难题。未来应持续攻关协同系统多场耦合机制、储层改造评价和系统性能优化等关键技术，推动CO₂地质封存、地热开发利用与地下储能协同技术的现场应用，并加快向深地化、智能化方向转型，积极适应全新挑战。

关键词: 地热开发, CO₂地质封存, CO₂羽流地热系统, CO₂增强型地热系统, CO₂含水层储热, 压缩CO₂储能, 碳中和

Abstract:

Integrated CO₂ Geological Storage-Geothermal Development System-Underground Energy Storage represent a novel attempt to integrate CO₂ geological storage, geothermal development and compressed CO₂ energy storage technologies. This approach serves as a key technology to help China fulfill its “dual carbon” commitments within a limited timeframe. To this end, this study has systematically analyzed the key theoretical foundation of the synergistic process, reviewed the technical characteristics and development status of four synergistic pathways, including CO₂ geological storage coupled with plume geothermal systems, enhanced geothermal systems, aquifer thermal energy storage and compressed air energy storage, identifying the main challenges for each. Finally, a synergistic technology pathway integrating CO₂ geological storage, geothermal development, and underground energy storage is proposed, and future development trends of this integrated approach are discussed. When CO₂ geological storage is integrated with geothermal development and underground energy storage, it involves complex interactions among multiphase seepage, heat transfer, rock deformation, and mineralization reactions. Cyclic energy storage further complicates the spatiotemporal evolution of these physical fields. Existing synergistic technologies, including CO₂ plume geothermal systems, CO₂-enhanced geothermal systems, CO₂ aquifer thermal energy storage systems, and compressed CO₂ energy storage systems, have been extensively studied in terms of flow and heat transfer characteristics, multi-field coupling mechanisms, and system performance optimization. These studies have laid a solid foundation for the integrated technology of CO₂ geological storage-geothermal development-underground energy storage. The synergy of these three components can achieve the triple objectives of low-carbon heat extraction and energy storage, representing an important direction for the low-carbon transformation of future energy systems. It is expected to become a key technology under the dual carbon goals. The main research trends are divided into four aspects: (1) Investigation of the thermal-hydraulic-mechanical-chemical coupling mechanisms in synergistic processes. (2) Analysis of porous reservoir stimulation and long-term fracture network stability. (3) Comprehensive evaluation and optimization of storage potential and heat extraction performance. (4) Intelligent lifecycle regulation of storage, heat extraction, and energy storage. With the continuous advancement of deep-earth exploration technologies, ultra-deep reservoirs are expected to become potential target sites for the integrated technology of CO₂geological storage-geothermal development-underground energy storage. Currently, the related theoretical and technological aspects of synergistic systems are still in their infancy. Urgent issues such as equipment corrosion and scaling, system adaptability to high-temperature and high-pressure environments, and synergistic mechanisms with other energy systems need to be addressed. Moving forward, it is essential to continue tackling key technological bottlenecks, such as multi-field coupling mechanisms, reservoir modification evaluation, and system performance optimization. Efforts should be made to promote the on-site application of CO₂ geological storage, geothermal development utilization and underground energy storage synergistic technologies and to drive the transformation of synergistic systems toward deeper, more intelligent, and adaptive solutions for future challenges.

Key words: geothermal development, CO₂ geological storage, CO₂ plume geothermal system, CO₂-enhanced geothermal system, CO₂ aquifer thermal energy storage, compressed CO₂ energy storage, carbon neutrality

中图分类号:

崔启亮, 宋先知, 石宇, 王高升, 杨子江. CO₂地质封存—地热开发—地下储能协同技术发展现状与展望[J]. 石油科学通报, 2026, 11(3): 785-803.

CUI Qiliang, SONG Xianzhi, SHI Yu, WANG Gaosheng, YANG Zijiang. Advances and prospects of synergistic systems combining CO₂ geological storage, geothermal exploitation, and underground energy storage[J]. Petroleum Science Bulletin, 2026, 11(3): 785-803.

https://sykxtb.cup.edu.cn/CN/Y2026/V11/I3/785

图/表 9

表1 不同流态CO₂性质比较

Table 1 Comparison of CO₂ properties under different flow regimes

流态	密度/(g/cm³)	粘度/(mPa·s)	自扩散系数/(cm²/s)
气体(常温常压)	0.0006~0.0020	0.01~0.03	0.1~0.4
液体(常温常压)	0.6~1.6	0.2~3.0	(0.2~2.0)×10^-5
超临界状态	0.2~0.9	0.01~0.09	(0.2~0.7)×10^-3

图1 协同技术多场耦合关系示意图

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of multi-field coupling relationships in the integrated technology

表2 常见矿化反应方程式^[30,33]

Table 2 Common mineralization reaction equations^[30,33]

反应方程式
CO₂(g) + H₂O (l) = H₂CO₃ (aq)
H₂CO₃ (aq) = H⁺ (aq) + HCO₃^- (aq)
HCO₃^- (aq) = H⁺ (aq) + CO₃^2- (aq)
钠长石 + 4H⁺ = 2H₂O + Na⁺ + Al³⁺ + 3SiO₂ (aq)
钙长石 + 8H⁺ = 4H₂O + Ca²⁺ + 2Al³⁺ + 2SiO₂ (aq)
钾长石 + 4H⁺ = 2H₂O + K⁺ + Al³⁺ + 3SiO₂ (aq)
伊利石 + 8H⁺ = 5H₂O + 0.6K⁺ + 0.25Mg²⁺ + 2.3Al³⁺ + 3.5SiO₂ (aq)
绿泥石 + 8H⁺ = 8H₂O + 2.5Mg²⁺ + 2.5Fe²⁺ + 2AlO₂^- + 3SiO₂ (aq)
白云石 + 2H⁺ = Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ + 2HCO₃^-
方解石 + H⁺ = Ca²⁺ + HCO₃^-
片钠铝石 + 3H⁺ = 2H₂O + Na⁺ + Al³⁺ + HCO₃^-

图2 CO₂羽流地热系统运行示意图(底图据文献[34]修改)

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of CO₂ plume geothermal system operation (modified from reference [34])

图3 CO₂增强型地热系统运行示意图(底图据文献[47]修改)

Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of CO₂ enhanced geothermal system operation (modified from reference[47])

图4 CO₂含水层储热运行示意图(底图据文献[21]修改)

Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of CO₂ aquifer thermal energy storage system operation (modified from reference[21])

图5 压缩CO₂储能系统运行示意图(底图据文献[62]修改)

Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of compressed CO2 energy storage system operation (modified from reference[62])

图6 CO₂地质封存—地热开发—地下储能协同技术示意图(底图据文献[21,79]修改)

Fig. 6 Schematic diagram of CO₂ geological storage-geother-mal development-underground energy storage inte grated tech nologies (modified from reference [21,79])

表3 协同技术推荐参数设置

Table 3 Recommended parameter settings for the integrated technology

关键参数	推荐取值
压缩机入口温度/℃	15~55
低压储层压力/MPa	2~6.5
高压储层深度/m	2000~3000
储能质量流速/(kg/s)	100~300
储能时长/h	12
释能质量流速/(kg/s)	400~1200
释能时长/h	3
垫气时长/a	1
储层渗透率/mD	>200
工作区CO₂饱和度	>0.5
地表压缩/膨胀模式	多级压缩/多级膨胀级间冷却/级间加热+最后一级地下储热
井壁结构	保温结构

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