低渗透铀矿原地浸出与压裂增渗技术：进展及挑战

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2096-1693.2025.03.028

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在“双碳”战略驱动下，核能凭借低碳、高效优势逐步成为能源结构的重要部分，铀作为核能的关键原料，其绿色开采至关重要，原地浸出采铀技术因其绿色、高效的优势成为主流选择。然而，在低渗透矿床浸出过程中普遍存在溶浸剂流动受阻、铀回收效率低等难题，水力压裂增渗技术作为成熟的增渗方法，其通过注入压裂液形成裂缝网络，能够显著改善矿层渗流能力，提升溶浸剂流动性以提高铀回收效率，展现出良好应用前景。本文系统阐述了多种地浸工艺及其适用性，深入分析多级压裂、暂堵转向压裂、智能压裂、酸化压裂、泡沫压裂与超临界CO₂压裂等新型水力压裂技术的核心机理及研究现状。结合低渗透铀矿床的资源特征与开采需求，本文提出了地浸采铀与水力压裂技术的协同应用，深入探讨了水力压裂技术对提高铀矿层渗透性与溶浸效率的促进作用，采用多技术集成与智能化优化的发展方向，实现资源高效回收与环境风险降低，为铀矿绿色可持续开发提供强有力支撑。

关键词: 核能, 低渗透铀矿, 地浸采铀, 水力压裂

Abstract:

Driven by the “dual carbon” strategy, nuclear energy is increasingly recognized as a vital component of the energy mix due to its low-carbon and high-efficiency advantages. As the key raw material for nuclear power, the green extraction of uranium is of great significance. In-situ leaching (ISL) has emerged as a mainstream method for uranium extraction owing to its environmentally friendly and efficient nature. However, low-permeability uranium deposits present significant challenges during ISL, such as poor lixiviant flow and low uranium recovery rates. As a mature permeability enhancement technique, hydraulic fracturing can effectively create fracture networks through the injection of fracturing fluids, thereby improving formation permeability and enhancing lixiviant flow, which ultimately increases uranium recovery efficiency. This paper systematically reviews various ISL processes and their applicability, and thoroughly analyzes the mechanisms and current research status of advanced hydraulic fracturing technologies, including multi-stage fracturing, diversion fracturing, intelligent fracturing, acid fracturing, foam fracturing, and supercritical CO₂ fracturing. Based on the resource characteristics and extraction demands of low-permeability uranium deposits, this study proposes a synergistic application of ISL and hydraulic fracturing technologies. It further explores how hydraulic fracturing can enhance formation permeability and lixiviant efficiency. A development pathway integrating multiple technologies and intelligent optimization is suggested to achieve high-efficiency resource recovery and minimized environmental risks, providing robust support for the green and sustainable development of uranium mining.

Key words: nuclear energy, low-permeability uranium deposits, in-situ leaching, hydraulic fracturing

中图分类号:

TP357
TD868

马帅, 汪道兵, 雷俊勇, 李召坤, 王亚奴. 低渗透铀矿原地浸出与压裂增渗技术：进展及挑战[J]. 石油科学通报, 2025, 10(6): 1279-1300.

MA Shuai, WANG Daobing, LEI Junyong, LI Zhaokun, WANG Yanu. In-situ leaching and fracture stimulation technology for low-permeability uranium deposits: Progress and challenges[J]. Petroleum Science Bulletin, 2025, 10(6): 1279-1300.

https://sykxtb.cup.edu.cn/CN/Y2025/V10/I6/1279

图/表 13

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工艺技术	原理	优点	缺点
酸性浸出	硫酸溶液与铀矿中的铀矿物(如铀铵矿、铀铁矿)反应，生成铀酸盐溶液。	反应速度较快，能够有效地从矿石中溶解铀；适用于大多数铀矿物。	硫酸浸出过程中可能会产生副产物，且高浓度的酸溶液可能对环境造成污染。
碱性浸出	碱性溶液与铀矿物反应，形成铀酸盐、铀氨盐或铀碱性溶液，从而将铀从矿石中提取出来。	对某些铀矿(如铀碳酸盐矿或铀硅酸盐矿)具有更高的选择性，且反应较温和，能避免过多的副产物生成。	需要较高的溶剂浓度和较长的反应时间，且某些矿石对碱浸法的响应不如酸浸。
中性浸出	中性溶液与矿石中的铀矿物在氧气或二氧化碳的存在下反应，生成可溶的铀化合物。	对环境的影响较小，避免了酸性溶液的污染问题。	反应速度较慢，且对矿石的选择性较差，可能需要额外的催化剂或辅助剂来提高浸出效果。
生物浸出	依托嗜酸性、自养铁氧化或硫氧化的原核生物或黑曲霉等真菌，利用其代谢产生的酸性物质与矿物反应，从矿石中溶解出铀。	减少强酸 / 强碱使用，能耗较少，避免低渗透矿层孔隙堵塞，微生物可自发迁移至微裂隙，铀接触效率较高。	反应速度较慢，且对微生物的适应性要求较高，需要较长的时间进行处理，而且在大规模应用时可能面临成本较高和微生物管理等问题。

工艺技术	原理	优点	缺点
酸性浸出	硫酸溶液与铀矿中的铀矿物(如铀铵矿、铀铁矿)反应，生成铀酸盐溶液。	反应速度较快，能够有效地从矿石中溶解铀；适用于大多数铀矿物。	硫酸浸出过程中可能会产生副产物，且高浓度的酸溶液可能对环境造成污染。
碱性浸出	碱性溶液与铀矿物反应，形成铀酸盐、铀氨盐或铀碱性溶液，从而将铀从矿石中提取出来。	对某些铀矿(如铀碳酸盐矿或铀硅酸盐矿)具有更高的选择性，且反应较温和，能避免过多的副产物生成。	需要较高的溶剂浓度和较长的反应时间，且某些矿石对碱浸法的响应不如酸浸。
中性浸出	中性溶液与矿石中的铀矿物在氧气或二氧化碳的存在下反应，生成可溶的铀化合物。	对环境的影响较小，避免了酸性溶液的污染问题。	反应速度较慢，且对矿石的选择性较差，可能需要额外的催化剂或辅助剂来提高浸出效果。
生物浸出	依托嗜酸性、自养铁氧化或硫氧化的原核生物或黑曲霉等真菌，利用其代谢产生的酸性物质与矿物反应，从矿石中溶解出铀。	减少强酸 / 强碱使用，能耗较少，避免低渗透矿层孔隙堵塞，微生物可自发迁移至微裂隙，铀接触效率较高。	反应速度较慢，且对微生物的适应性要求较高，需要较长的时间进行处理，而且在大规模应用时可能面临成本较高和微生物管理等问题。

压裂方法	原理	优势
多级压裂技术	在水平井段内形成多个独立的压裂段塞，实现对不同层段的针对性改造。	相较于单一裂缝，改造体积可提升50%以上，特别适用于多层矿床等复杂地质条件的矿床开发。
暂堵转向压裂技术	通过注入暂堵剂(球/颗粒)封堵已开启的高渗流通道，迫使后续流体压力升高并转向至未改造区域产生新裂缝。	通过裂缝转向和灵活调整压裂策略，将裂缝复杂度指数提高30~100%，能够提高裂缝网络的有效性和矿层的开发效果。
智能压裂技术	基于分布式光纤传感(DAS/DTS)实时监测微地震事件与温度场，结合AI算法(如PSO、MLP)动态优化施工参数，实现反馈控制。	实现裂缝扩展精准定位，提升参数决策效率，为精准控制裂缝通道提供支撑。
酸化压裂技术	通过注入酸液溶解岩层中的矿物质，扩大裂缝和孔隙及蚓孔，扩大导流通道，提高矿层渗透性。	能有效清除岩层中的结垢物质，扩大裂缝通道，从而提高铀的回收效率，特别适用于含有较高碳酸盐矿物的矿层。
泡沫压裂技术	以N₂/CO₂为内相、水基液为外相形成稳定泡沫，具有低滤失、高携砂能力。	较高流动性和低液体黏度使其能更均匀地扩展裂缝网，且通过低液体含量的泡沫减少水消耗且避免水锁效应，特别适用于干旱地区。
超临界CO₂压裂技术	利用超临界CO₂替代传统水基压裂液，CO₂具有液体和气体双重性质，增强裂缝流动性并减少水源消耗。	利用SC-CO₂的低界面张力、强扩散性特性，其起裂压力比水力压裂低40%~60%，且易形成复杂分支缝网，并通过地下CO₂封存达到减少温室气体排放的环境效益。

压裂方法	原理	优势
多级压裂技术	在水平井段内形成多个独立的压裂段塞，实现对不同层段的针对性改造。	相较于单一裂缝，改造体积可提升50%以上，特别适用于多层矿床等复杂地质条件的矿床开发。
暂堵转向压裂技术	通过注入暂堵剂(球/颗粒)封堵已开启的高渗流通道，迫使后续流体压力升高并转向至未改造区域产生新裂缝。	通过裂缝转向和灵活调整压裂策略，将裂缝复杂度指数提高30~100%，能够提高裂缝网络的有效性和矿层的开发效果。
智能压裂技术	基于分布式光纤传感(DAS/DTS)实时监测微地震事件与温度场，结合AI算法(如PSO、MLP)动态优化施工参数，实现反馈控制。	实现裂缝扩展精准定位，提升参数决策效率，为精准控制裂缝通道提供支撑。
酸化压裂技术	通过注入酸液溶解岩层中的矿物质，扩大裂缝和孔隙及蚓孔，扩大导流通道，提高矿层渗透性。	能有效清除岩层中的结垢物质，扩大裂缝通道，从而提高铀的回收效率，特别适用于含有较高碳酸盐矿物的矿层。
泡沫压裂技术	以N₂/CO₂为内相、水基液为外相形成稳定泡沫，具有低滤失、高携砂能力。	较高流动性和低液体黏度使其能更均匀地扩展裂缝网，且通过低液体含量的泡沫减少水消耗且避免水锁效应，特别适用于干旱地区。
超临界CO₂压裂技术	利用超临界CO₂替代传统水基压裂液，CO₂具有液体和气体双重性质，增强裂缝流动性并减少水源消耗。	利用SC-CO₂的低界面张力、强扩散性特性，其起裂压力比水力压裂低40%~60%，且易形成复杂分支缝网，并通过地下CO₂封存达到减少温室气体排放的环境效益。

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