中深层页岩储层天然裂缝稳定性演化规律研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2096-1693.2026.01.005

石油科学通报 ›› 2026, Vol. 11 ›› Issue (1): 99-113. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-1693.2026.01.005

中深层页岩储层天然裂缝稳定性演化规律研究

张木杨¹^,²(), 周恺锐¹^,², 李曹雄¹^,³, 崔欢⁴, 袁晓俊⁴, 苏展鸿⁴, 鲜成钢¹^,^*()

1 中国石油大学(北京)油气资源与工程全国重点实验室，北京 102249
2 中国石油大学(北京)石油工程学院，北京 102249
3 中国石油大学(北京)未来能源学院，北京 102249
4 中国石油浙江油田分公司，浙江杭州 310023

收稿日期:2025-09-22 修回日期:2025-12-25 出版日期:2026-02-15 发布日期:2026-02-12
通讯作者: * 鲜成钢(1971年－)，博士，研究员，主要从事非常规油气开发理论与技术和地质工程一体化综合研究，xianchenggang@cup.edu.cn。
作者简介:张木杨(1997年－)，博士研究生，非常规油气地质－工程一体化相关研究，573939647@qq.com。
基金资助:
国家科技重大专项(2025ZD1402806);国家自然科学基金(52104052);中国博士后科学基金(2021M693496);中国石油大学(北京)科研基金(2462025YJRC013);中国石油天然气股份有限公司科技专项“中深层页岩气提高采收率关键技术研究与应用”(2023ZZ21YJ02)

Evolution of natural fracture stability in middle-deep shale reservoirs

ZHANG Muyang¹^,²(), ZHOU Kairui¹^,², LI Caoxiong¹^,³, CUI Huan⁴, YUAN Xiaojun⁴, SU Zhanhong⁴, XIAN Chenggang¹^,^*()

1 State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
2 College of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
3 College of Energy Innovation, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
4 PetroChina Zhejiang Oilfield Branch Company, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, China

Received:2025-09-22 Revised:2025-12-25 Online:2026-02-15 Published:2026-02-12
Contact: *xianchenggang@cup.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中深层页岩储层长期处于压裂改造及多年生产的复合作用下，天然裂缝的应力状态不断演化，其稳定性变化直接关系到井筒完整性、压裂改造效果及加密井部署安全性。鉴于此，本文以天然裂缝为研究对象，提出一种基于三维地质力学模型—离散裂缝网络(DFN)耦合的天然裂缝稳定性评价方法，不涉及水力裂缝的形态与演化。通过将天然裂缝走向、倾角粗化映射至三维网格，并采用空间插值构建产状连续体，实现了天然裂缝几何特征与三维应力场、力学参数的统一耦合，从而获得天然裂缝稳定性的三维连续量化结果。研究结果表明：天然裂缝滑动风险受走向、倾角与区域应力状态的耦合作用控制，各应力状态下的失稳产状具有显著差异；流体注入可能通过“有效正应力降低”与“摩擦强度下降”两条机制诱发天然裂缝失稳；而长期生产导致孔隙压力下降，可增强天然裂缝的有效正应力，整体提升裂缝稳定性。对黄金坝YS108井区的研究表明，产后应力场向典型正断层状态演化，使天然裂缝滑动风险明显降低，为加密井部署及安全压裂提供了更高的稳定性基础。本文提出的三维天然裂缝稳定性评价体系可用于老区产后地层稳定性识别、井轨迹优化及压裂段风险控制，为中深层页岩气高效开发提供技术支撑。

关键词: 非常规油气, 天然裂缝, 失稳风险, 地应力场演化, 加密井部署

Abstract:

Natural fractures in middle-deep shale reservoirs experience continuous stress evolution under the combined influence of hydraulic stimulation and long-term production. Their stability evolution critically affects wellbore integrity, stimulation effectiveness, and the safety of infill-well deployment. Focusing exclusively on natural fractures, this study develops a stability evaluation framework by coupling a 3D geomechanical model with a discrete fracture network (DFN). The approach maps the strike and dip of natural fractures onto the 3D grid and constructs a spatially continuous fracture-orientation volume through geostatistical interpolation. This enables the unified coupling of natural fracture geometry with the regional 3D stress field and rock mechanical attributes, providing a continuous 3D quantification of natural-fracture stability. Results show that natural-fracture slip risk is governed by the combined effects of fracture orientation and tectonic stress regime, with distinct high-risk orientations under normal-faulting, strike-slip, and reverse-faulting conditions. Fluid injection may trigger natural-fracture instability through reduced effective normal stress and lowered frictional strength, whereas long-term production enhances effective stress and generally improves natural-fracture stability. In the YS108 block, the stress regime evolves toward a typical normal-faulting state after nearly ten years of production, leading to significantly reduced slip risk of natural fractures. The proposed 3D evaluation framework provides a practical basis for post-production stability assessment, well-trajectory optimization, and stimulation-risk management in middle-deep shale reservoirs.

Key words: unconventional oil and gas, natural fractures, instability risk, in-situ stress field evolution, infill well deployment

中图分类号:

TE37
P618.13

张木杨, 周恺锐, 李曹雄, 崔欢, 袁晓俊, 苏展鸿, 鲜成钢. 中深层页岩储层天然裂缝稳定性演化规律研究[J]. 石油科学通报, 2026, 11(1): 99-113.

ZHANG Muyang, ZHOU Kairui, LI Caoxiong, CUI Huan, YUAN Xiaojun, SU Zhanhong, XIAN Chenggang. Evolution of natural fracture stability in middle-deep shale reservoirs[J]. Petroleum Science Bulletin, 2026, 11(1): 99-113.

https://sykxtb.cup.edu.cn/CN/Y2026/V11/I1/99

图/表 17

图1 地质力学-离散裂缝网络(DFN)耦合的失稳风险评估技术路线

Fig. 1 Technical workflow for instability risk assessment based on geomechanical-discrete fracture network (DFN) coupling

图2 裂缝面应力计算坐标系转换工作流

Fig. 2 Workflow for coordinate transformation in fracture plane stress calculations

表1 应力状态划分依据

Table 1 Basis for stress state classification

应力状态	最大主应力S₁	中间主应力S₂	最小主应力S₃
正断层(NF)	S_v	S_hmax	S_hmin
走滑断层(SS)	S_hmax	S_v	S_hmin
逆断层(RF)	S_hmax	S_hmin	S_v

表2 坐标转换矩阵参数取值

Table 2 The parameter values of the coordinate transformation matrix

参数	正断层(NF)	走滑断层(SS)	逆断层(RF)
α	Azi_S_hmin	Azi_S_hmax	Azi_S_hmax
γ	90°	0°	0°
β	0°	90°	0°

图3 天然裂缝失稳风险评价示意图

Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of natural fracture instability risk assessment

图4 不同应力状态下天然裂缝二维/三维产状滑动风险相对误差

Fig. 4 Relative error of natural fracture slip risk in 2D/3D under varying stress states

图5 不同应力状态下裂缝产状对滑动风险的耦合影响规律

Fig. 5 Coupled effects of fracture orientation on sliding risk under different stress regimes

图6 天然裂缝双路径失稳模式图

Fig. 6 Dual-path fracture instability modes

图7 H4平台及其周围生产前后地层压力变化

Fig. 7 Formation pressure variations at the H4 platform and adjacent regions pre- and post-production

图8 H4平台及其周围生产前后地层应力状态变化

Fig. 8 Variation of formation stress states at the H4 platform and adjacent regions pre- and post-production

图9 生产前后单一裂缝应力变化示意图

Fig. 9 Schematic of stress changes for a single fracture pre- and post-production

图10 H4平台天然裂缝分布及其产状

Fig. 10 Spatial distribution and geometry of natural fractures at the H4 platform

图11 三维滑动风险体及临界注入压力体

Fig. 11 Three-dimensional sliding risk volume and critical injection pressure volume

图12 H4-2井身质量参数与滑动风险对应关系

Fig. 12 Correlation of borehole quality parameters and slip risk in Well H4-2

图13 平面滑动风险体及临界注入压力

Fig. 13 Plan view of sliding risk volume and critical injection pressure

图14 滑动风险及临界注入压力与天然裂缝产状对应关系

Fig. 14 Relationship between sliding risk, critical injection pressure, and natural fracture orientations

图15 加密井沿井滑动风险和临界注入压力分布

Fig. 15 Distribution of along-well slip risk and critical injection pressure for infill wells

参考文献 32

[1]	梁兴, 王高成, 徐政语, 等. 中国南方海相复杂山地页岩气储层甜点综合评价技术——以昭通国家级页岩气示范区为例[J]. 天然气工业, 2016, 36(1): 33-42.
	[LIANG X, WANG G C, XU Z Y, et al. Comprehensive evaluation technology for shale gas sweet spots in the complex marine mountains, South China: A case study from Zhaotong national shale gas demonstration zone[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2016, 36(1): 33-42.]
[2]	梁兴, 单长安, 王维旭, 等. 昭通国家级页岩气示范区勘探开发进展及前景展望[J]. 天然气工业, 2022, 42(8): 60-77.
	[LIANG X, SHAN C A, WANG W X, et al. Exploration and development in the Zhaotong national shale gas demonstration area: Progress and propect[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2022, 42(8): 60-77.]
[3]	韩玲玲, 李熙喆, 刘照义, 等. 川南泸州深层页岩气井套变主控因素与防控对策[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2023, 50(4): 853-861. doi: 10.11698/PED.20230032
	[HAN L L, LI X Z, LIU Z Y, et al. Influencing factors and prevention measures of casing deformation in deep shale gas wells in Luzhou block, southern Sichuan Basin, SW China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2023, 50(4): 853-861.]
[4]	张建勇, 崔振东, 周健, 等. 流体注入工程诱发断层活化的风险评估方法[J]. 天然气工业, 2018, 38(8): 33-40.
	[ZHANG J Y, CUI Z D, ZHOU J, et al. Risk assessment methods for fault reactivation induced by fluid injection[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2018, 38(8): 33-40.]
[5]	DONG K, LIU N Z, CHEN Z W, et al. Geomechanical analysis on casing deformation in Longmaxi shale formation[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2019, 177(6): 724-733. doi: 10.1016/j.petrol.2019.02.068 URL
[6]	LI Y, LIU W, YAN W, et al. Mechanism of casing failure during hydraulic fracturing: Lessons learned from a tight-oil reservoir in China[J]. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2019, 98(4): 58-71. doi: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.01.074 URL
[7]	DENG Y, FENG X Y, WANG X W, et al. Risk analysis of casing deformation in shale gas wells: A case study from the Jingyan Block[C]. SPE Advances in Integrated Reservoir Modelling and Field Development Conference and Exhibition, Abu Dhabi, UAE, 2025.
[8]	HUANG H Y, XU E S, ZHONG G H, et al. Analysis of casing deformation in horizontal wells of deep shale gas reservoirs: Causes and mitigation strategies[C]. SPE/AAPG/SEG Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, USA, 2025.
[9]	LICITRA D T, VITTORE F, ESPINDOLA B. Casing deformation in unconventional developments: Case study Vaca Muerta formation, Argentina[C]. SPE/AAPG/SEG Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, USA, 2025.
[10]	LIU Y, TANG Q, WU H, et al. Research status and prospect of casing deformation mechanism and control methods in shale gas wells in Sichuan Basin[C]. 57th US Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 2023.
[11]	WU J F, SHI X W, GOU Q Y, et al. Casing deformation risk prediction with numerical simulation during hydraulic fracturing in deep shale gas reservoirs[C]. SPE/AAPG/SEG Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, USA, 2024.
[12]	CHEN Z M, LIAO X W, ZHAO X L, et al. Performance of horizontal wells with fracture networks in shale gas formation[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2015, 133(11): 646-664. doi: 10.1016/j.petrol.2015.07.004 URL
[13]	ZOBACK M D. Reservoir geomechanics[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
[14]	陈朝伟, 项德贵, 张丰收, 等. 四川长宁—威远区块水力压裂引起的断层滑移和套管变形机理及防控策略[J]. 石油科学通报, 2019, 4(4): 364-377.
	[CHEN C W, XIANG D G, ZHANG F S, et al. Fault slip and casing deformation caused by hydraulic fracturing in Changning-Weiyuan Blocks, Sichuan: Mechanism and prevention strategy[J]. Petroleum Science Bulletin, 2019, 4(4): 364-377.]
[15]	童亨茂, 张平, 张宏祥, 等. 页岩气水平井开发套管变形的地质力学机理及其防治对策[J]. 天然气工业, 2021, 41(1): 189-197.
	[TONG H M, ZHANG P, ZHANG H X, et al. Geomechanical mechanisms and prevention countermeasures of casing deformation in shale gas horizontal wells[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2021, 41(1): 189-197.]
[16]	ZOBACK M D, KOHLI A H. Unconventional reservoir geomechanics[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
[17]	吝佳莹, 齐洪岩, 常婷, 等. 走滑断裂滑移诱发套管变形数值模拟及压裂方案优化——以吉木萨尔凹陷页岩油为例[J]. 新疆石油地质, 2025, 46(6): 754-761.
	[LIN J Y, QI H Y, CHANG T, et al. Numerical simulation of strike-slip fault induced casing deformation and optimization of fracturing scheme: A case study of shale oil in Jimsar Sag[J]. Xinjiang Petroleum Geology, 2025, 46(6): 754-761.]
[18]	李军, 赵超杰, 柳贡慧, 等. 页岩气压裂条件下断层滑移及其影响因素[J]. 中国石油大学学报(自然科学版), 2021, 45(2): 63-70.
	[LI J, ZHAO C J, LIU G H, et al. Assessment of fault slip in shale formation during hydraulic fracturing and its influence factors[J]. Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science), 2021, 45(2): 63-70.]
[19]	王肖辉, 王鑫尧. 水力压裂诱发断层活化失稳概率分析[J]. 中国安全生产科学技术, 2021, 17(9): 109-113.
	[WANG X H, WANG X Y. Probability analysis of fault activation instability induced by hydraulic fracturing[J]. Journal of Safety Science and Technology, 2021, 17(9): 109-113.]
[20]	刘鹏林, 李军, 席岩, 等. 页岩断层滑移量计算模型及影响因素研究[J]. 石油机械, 2022, 50(8): 74-80.
	[LIU P L, LI J, XI Y, et al. Study on calculation model of shale fault slip and its influencing factors[J]. China Petroleum Machinery, 2022, 50(8): 74-80.]
[21]	YANG X F, ZHAO S X, LIU D C, et al. High-resolution DFN modeling via seismic attribute integration in the Sichuan Basin for completion optimization[C]. SPE/AAPG/SEG Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, USA, 2025.
[22]	VAN BEERS W C M, KLEIJNEN J P C. Kriging interpolation in simulation: A survey[C]. Proceedings of the 2004 Winter Simulation Conference, Washington, DC, USA, 2004.
[23]	JONES O T. The dynamics of faulting and dyke formation: With applications to Britain[J]. Nature, 1942, 149(3679): 651-652.
[24]	LABUZ J F, ZANG A. Mohr-coulomb failure criterion[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2012, 45(6): 975-979. doi: 10.1007/s00603-012-0281-7 URL
[25]	BIOT M A. General theory of three-dimensional consolidation[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 1941, 12(2): 155-164. doi: 10.1063/1.1712886 URL
[26]	鲜成钢, 张介辉, 陈欣, 等. 地质力学在地质工程一体化中的应用[J]. 中国石油勘探, 2017, 22(1): 75-88. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2017.01.010
	[XIAN C G, ZHANG J H, CHEN X, et al. Application of geomechanics in geology-engineering integration[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2017, 22(1): 75-88.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2017.01.010
[27]	刘豪, 刘怀亮, 刘宇, 等. 页岩气多级压裂断层动态滑移规律研究[J]. 石油机械, 2024, 52(2): 65-74.
	[LIU H, LIU H L, LIU Y, et al. Research on dynamic slip of fault resulted from multistage fracturing of shale gas reservoir[J]. China Petroleum Machinery, 2024, 52(2): 65-74.]
[28]	梁兴, 张朝, 张鹏伟, 等. 湖北宜昌深层山地页岩气地质力学研究及应用[J]. 油气藏评价与开发, 2019, 9(5): 20-31.
	[LIANG X, ZHANG C, ZHANG P W, et al. Research and application of geomechanics of shale gas in deep mountain of Yichang, Hubei[J]. Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2019, 9(5): 20-31.]
[29]	MORROW C A, MOORE D E, LOCKNER D A. The effect of mineral bond strength and adsorbed water on fault gouge frictional strength[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2000, 27(6): 815-818. doi: 10.1029/1999GL008401 URL
[30]	张雷, 何昌荣. 粘土矿物的摩擦滑动特性及对断层力学性质的影响[J]. 地球物理学进展, 2014, 29(2): 620-629.
	[ZHANG L, HE C R. Frictional properties of clay minerals and their effect on fault behavior[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2014, 29(2): 620-629.]
[31]	MOORE D E, LOCKNER D A. Friction of the smectite clay montmorillonite: A review and interpretation of data[J]. The Seismogenic Zone of Subduction Thrust Faults, 2007, (1): 317-345.
[32]	HARRISON R L. Introduction to Monte Carlo simulation[C]. AIP conference proceedings, Broomfield, USA, 2010.

选择文件类型/文献管理软件名称

选择包含的内容

中深层页岩储层天然裂缝稳定性演化规律研究

Evolution of natural fracture stability in middle-deep shale reservoirs

RichHTML

PDF

可视化

被引次数

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 17

参考文献 32

相关文章 15

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价

[1]	蒋廷学, 卞晓冰. 非常规油气藏智能压裂技术研究进展及展望[J]. 石油科学通报, 2026, 11(1): 143-163.
[2]	罗功伟, 安小平, 姚卫华, 邹永玲. 非常规油气储层测井智能解释应用现状与发展趋势[J]. 石油科学通报, 2025, 10(5): 908-925.
[3]	王香增；郭兴；孙晓. CO2压裂基础研究与技术进展[J]. , 2024, 9(6): 931-943.
[4]	许富强；宋先知；石宇；李爽. 干热岩长期生产过程中天然裂缝损伤对导流能力演变影响研究[J]. , 2024, 9(3): 465-475.
[5]	周福建；袁立山；刘雄飞；王博；李明辉；李奔. 暂堵转向压裂关键技术与进展[J]. , 2022, 7(3): 365-381.
[6]	梁天博；苏航；昝晶鸽；柏浩；赵龙昊；姚二冬；周福建. 变黏滑溜水性能评价及吉木萨尔页岩油藏矿场应用[J]. , 2022, 7(2): 185-195.
[7]	牟建业；张宇；牟善波；张士诚；马新仿. 缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层酸液流动反应建模[J]. , 2021, 6(3): 465-473.
[8]	曹东升；曾联波；吕文雅；徐翔；田鹤. 非常规油气储层脆性评价与预测方法研究进展[J]. , 2021, 6(1): 31-45.
[9]	周大伟；张广清. 超临界CO2压裂诱导裂缝机理研究综述[J]. , 2020, 5(2): 239-253.
[10]	刘伟；陶长洲；万有余；池晓明；李扬；林海；邓金根. 致密油储层水平井体积压裂套管变形失效机理数值模拟研究[J]. , 2017, 2(4): 466-477.
[11]	曾联波；赵向原；朱圣举；赵继勇. 低渗透油藏注水诱导裂缝及其开发意义[J]. , 2017, 2(3): 336-343.
[12]	张然；李根生；郭建春. 含裂缝混合岩性致密油储层压裂裂缝起裂与扩展实验研究[J]. , 2016, 1(3): 353-362.
[13]	赖锦；王贵文；范卓颖；陈晶；王抒忱；周正龙；范旭强. 非常规油气储层脆性指数测井评价方法研究进展[J]. , 2016, 1(3): 330-341.
[14]	曾联波；朱如凯；高志勇；巩磊；刘国平. 构造成岩作用及其油气地质意义[J]. , 2016, 1(2): 191-197.
[15]	姚军；孙致学；张凯；曾青冬；严侠；张敏. 非常规油气藏开采中的工程科学问题及其发展趋势[J]. , 2016, 1(1): 128-142.

模态框（Modal）标题

选择文件类型/文献管理软件名称

选择包含的内容

中深层页岩储层天然裂缝稳定性演化规律研究

Evolution of natural fracture stability in middle-deep shale reservoirs

RichHTML

PDF

可视化

被引次数

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 17

参考文献 32

相关文章 15

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价