琼海凸起及周缘潜山逆冲-走滑断裂特征与火山岩储层裂缝成因研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2096-1693.2026.01.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

琼海凸起及周缘潜山位于珠江口盆地珠三坳陷，是南海北部油气勘探重点区域。该区火山岩储层受裂缝改造作用显著，为厘清成因机制，研究结合高精度三维地震资料、钻井数据及薄片观察展开分析。结果表明，研究区断裂分两期发育：燕山早－中期 NW 向挤压形成 NE 向叠瓦式逆冲断层(喜山早期活化)；燕山晚期左旋走滑形成含纯走滑、张扭、压扭段的 NNE 向断裂体系(喜山中期活化)。裂缝同步发育两期，其中逆冲断层上盘近断层区(如 WC13-I 井)、走滑带压扭段(如 WC19-A 井)及张扭段(如 WC13-M 井)裂缝最密集。具体而言，逆冲断层通过挤压使上盘岩层剪切破裂，走滑断裂不同分段因应力差异形成差异化裂缝网络，喜山期应力转换进一步活化早期裂缝，最终形成的裂缝网络为油气运移提供有效通道，为该区勘探提供依据。

关键词: 琼海凸起, 火山岩储层, 逆冲断裂, 走滑断裂, 裂缝发育规律, 珠三坳陷, 油气储层

Abstract:

The Qionghai Uplift and the surrounding buried hills in the Zhu III depression, Pearl River Mouth Basin, are a key oil and gas exploration target in the northern South China Sea. The volcanic rock reservoirs in this area are significantly modified by fracture development. To clarify the formation mechanisms, this study combines high-resolution 3D seismic data, well data, and thin-section observations for analysis. The results indicate that the faults in the study area developed in two stages: (1) NW-SE compression during the Early-Middle Yanshanian formed NE-trending imbricate thrust faults, which were reactivated in the Early Himalayan; (2) left-lateral strike-slip during the Late Yanshanian formed a NNE-trending fault system comprising pure strike-slip, transtensional, and transpressional segments, which were reactivated in the Middle Himalayan. Fractures developed synchronously in two stages, with the densest fracture networks occurring in the hanging-wall regions near thrust faults (e.g., WC13-I well), transpressional segments of strike-slip zones (e.g., WC19-A well), and transtensional segments (e.g., WC13-M well). Specifically, the thrust faults caused shear fracturing of the hanging-wall strata through compression, while differential stresses along various strike-slip fault segments produced distinct fracture networks. Himalayan period stress field rotation further reactivated pre-existing fractures. The resultant fracture network provides effective pathways for oil and gas migration, thereby supporting exploration strategies in this area.

Key words: Qionghai Uplift, volcanic rock reservoir, thrust fault, strike-slip fault, fracture development patterns, Zhujiang slope depression, oil and gas reservoir

中图分类号:

单玄龙, 耿旸, 李昂. 琼海凸起及周缘潜山逆冲-走滑断裂特征与火山岩储层裂缝成因研究[J]. 石油科学通报, 2026, 11(1): 14-27.

SHAN Xuanlong, GENG Yang, LI Ang. Characteristics of thrust-strike-slip faults and genesis of fractures in volcanic reservoirs in the Qionghai Uplift and its surrounding buried hills[J]. Petroleum Science Bulletin, 2026, 11(1): 14-27.

https://sykxtb.cup.edu.cn/CN/Y2026/V11/I1/14

图/表 12

图1 琼海凸起及周缘潜山位置与地层特征(据耿旸等^[8]修改)

Fig. 1 Location and stratigraphic characteristics of the Qionghai uplift and surrounding buried hills (modified from GENG Yang et al^[8])

图2 琼海凸起文昌13区域过A-A’、B-B’、C-C’剖面特征与燕山中早期NE向逆冲断裂平面展布图
(a) 文昌13北部剖面A-A’；(b) 过WC13-J井剖面B-B’；(c) 过WC13-J井和WC13-I井剖面C-C’(剖面位置见续图)

Fig. 2 Profile characteristics of A-A’, B-B’, and C-C’ in the Wenchang 13 area of the Qionghai Uplift and planar distribution map of the NE-Trending thrust faults in the early-middle Yanshanian period

图3 琼海凸起及周缘燕山中期NNE向走滑断裂典型构造类型、剖面样式与立体模式图

Fig. 3 Typical structural types, profile styles and three-dimensional models of NNE-trending strike-slip faults in the middle Yanshanian period in Qionghai Uplift and its surrounding areas

图4 琼海凸起及周缘燕山中期NNE向走滑断裂分段特征

Fig. 4 Segmentation characteristics of NNE-trending strike-slip faults in the middle Yanshanian period in Qionghai Uplift and its surrounding areas

图5 纯走滑段特征及机制
a-剖面④；b-剖面①；c-剖面②；d-剖面③

Fig. 5 Characteristics and mechanism of pure strike-slip segments

图6 中部张扭段特征及机制
a-剖面⑤；b-剖面⑥；c-剖面⑦

Fig. 6 Characteristics and mechanism of the middle transtensional segment

图7 南部(a)和北部(b)压扭段特征及机制
a-剖面⑧；b-剖面⑨

Fig. 7 Characteristics and mechanism of the compressional-tectonic segments in the south (a) and north (b)

图8 琼海凸起及周缘潜山裂演化特征

Fig. 8 Fracture evolution characteristics of the Qionghai Uplift and peripheral buried hills

图9 文昌13-I井裂缝显微特征
(a)弯曲溶缝，绿泥质半充填，1965.0 m；(b)网状微裂缝切割硅质细脉，1923.0 m；(c)多期裂缝发育：早期硅质半充填微裂缝与晚期网状张裂缝，1916.5 m；(d)网状微裂缝，2005.0 m；(e)共轭微张裂缝系统，硅质半充填，1935.0 m；(f)网状微裂缝，2024.0 m；(g)菱铁矿充填-交代裂缝，2024.0 m；(h)单组垂直张裂缝，1898.1 m；(i)共轭微张裂缝系统，1898.1 m

Fig. 9 Microscopic characteristics of fractures in Wenchang 13-I well

图10 文昌19-A井与文昌13-M井裂缝显微特征
(a)炸裂缝与张裂缝，2685 m；(b)张裂隙(可见扩溶现象)，2695 m；(c)砾间缝与砾间孔，2874 m；(d)裂隙充填残余缝与晶内扩溶缝，2890 m；(e)裂隙充填残余缝与少量晶内扩溶缝，3050 m；(f)裂隙充填残余缝与少量晶内扩溶缝，3075 m；(g)微张裂缝，硅质充填，强烈黏土化，2420 m；(h)微张裂缝，硅质充填，黏土化，2480 m；(i)两条微张裂缝，硅质充填，强烈黏土化，2460 m

Fig. 10 Microscopic characteristics of fractures in Wenchang 19-A well and Wenchang 13-M well

图11 琼海凸起潜山文昌13区域NE向逆冲断裂控制裂缝发育模式图

Fig. 11 Development pattern of NE trending thrust controlled fractures in the Wenchang 13 area of Qionghai Uplift Qianshan

图12 琼海凸起及周缘潜山逆冲-走滑断裂控制裂缝发育模式图

Fig. 12 Development pattern of controlled cracks by thrust strike slip faults in the Qionghai Uplift and surrounding buried hills

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