海上低渗油田压裂监测技术进展与展望

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2096-1693.2026.03.028

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

海上低渗油田压裂起步相对较晚，由于作业环境特殊、作业费用高，压裂过程需要配套高效准确的监测手段，以实现裂缝有效刻画、效果合理评估，保证精准压裂及产出投入比最大化。目前多种监测技术均在海上油田获得应用，已形成自主化阵列声波测井技术、示踪剂产出剖面监测技术，另外微地震、光纤、水击波、主动声呐等监测技术也处于探索及研究阶段。本文在分析海上低渗油田特点及压裂现状的基础上，综述了各项监测技术研究及应用进展，同时针对海上压裂需求，从监测方式、硬件产品、室内实验理论研究、现场试验、智能化等多个方向分析未来发展趋势，对推动海上低渗油田开发技术进步有一定借鉴意义。

关键词: 海上, 低渗油田, 压裂监测, 精准压裂, 智能化

Abstract:

The fracturing of offshore low-permeability oilfields started relatively late. Due to the unique operational environment and high costs, the fracturing process requires efficient and accurate monitoring methods to achieve effective fracture characterization, reasonable effect evaluation, and ensure precise fracturing with maximized production-to-investment ratios. Currently, various monitoring technologies have been applied in offshore oilfields, including autonomous array acoustic logging technology and tracer production profile monitoring technology. Additionally, monitoring techniques such as micro-seismic, fiber-optic, water hammer pressure wave, and active sonar are still in the exploratory and research stages. Based on an analysis of the characteristics and current status of offshore low-permeability oilfields and fracturing, this paper reviews the research and application progress of various monitoring technologies. It also analyzes future development trends from multiple perspectives, including monitoring methods, hardware products, indoor experimental theoretical research, field tests, and intelligence, addressing the needs of offshore fracturing. This study provides valuable insights for advancing the development of offshore low-permeability oilfield technologies.

Key words: offshore, low permeability oilfield, fracturing monitor, precise fracturing, intelligent development

中图分类号:

陈维余, 张亮, 温守国, 宋效文, 宣涛, 钱继贺, 金鑫. 海上低渗油田压裂监测技术进展与展望[J]. 石油科学通报, 2026, 11(5): 1746-1761.

CHEN Weiyu, ZHANG Liang, WEN Shouguo, SONG Xiaowen, XUAN Tao, QIAN Jihe, JIN Xin. Progress and prospects of fracturing monitoring technology for offshore low-permeability oilfields[J]. Petroleum Science Bulletin, 2026, 11(5): 1746-1761.

https://sykxtb.cup.edu.cn/CN/Y2026/V11/I5/1746

图/表 13

图1 海上油田W井7段压裂微地震监测结果

Fig. 1 Micro- seismic monitoring results of fracturing of Well W in offshore oilfield

图2 地面微地震(左)与井下微地震(右)结果对比图

Fig. 2 Comparison diagram of ground micro- seismic(left) and down-hole micro- seismic(right) results

图3 全尺寸裂缝进液井筒模拟实验系统

Fig. 3 Full-scale optical fiber simulation experimental system

图4 基于DAS信号的裂缝扩展长度解释流程

Fig. 4 Interpretation workflow for fracture extension length based on DAS signals

图5 C1井水击波时域曲线软件模拟图(去噪后)

Fig. 5 Software simulation diagram of water hammer wave time-domain curve for Well C1 (after denoising)

图6 C1井软件倒谱图

Fig. 6 Well C1 software cepstrum plot

图7 不同轮次下的NFCI值(左)及裂缝半缝长(右)

Fig. 7 NFCI values under different rounds (left) and fracture half-length (right)

图8 海上调整井X1井压裂前后各向异性及纵波层析成像成果^[37]

Fig. 8 The anisotropy and P-wave tomography image for offshore adjustment Well X1 before and after fracturing^[37]

图9 海上调整井X1井偶极散射波成像成果^[37]

Fig. 9 Dipole scattering wave image of offshore adjustment Well X1^[37]

图10 气体示踪剂190 ℃浓度保留结果

Fig. 10 Gas tracer concentration retention result at 190 °C

图11 压裂示踪解释与微地震解释对比

Fig. 11 Comparison of fracturing tracer interpretation and micro-seismic interpretation

图12 海上低渗油田压裂整体监测示意图

Fig. 12 Overall monitoring schematic diagram for fracturing in offshore low-permeability oil fields

表1 不同监测技术功能对比

Table 1 Comparison of functions of different monitoring technologies

监测阶段	监测技术	井筒监测	裂缝监测
压裂中	井下微地震	—	裂缝方位、长、宽、高
	地面(海底)微地震	—	裂缝方位、长、宽、高
	同井光纤	进液/进砂剖面	—
	邻井光纤	—	裂缝延伸方位、缝宽
	水击波(瞬降排量)	进液/进砂效率	—
压裂期间停泵	主动声呐	井筒、裂缝连通、导流能力	裂缝长、宽、高
压裂期间停泵	水击波(瞬时停泵)	进液剖面	裂缝长、宽、高
压后评估	同井光纤	产液剖面	—
	阵列声波	近井地带裂缝分布情况	—
	化学示踪剂	产液剖面	—
	放射性示踪剂	支撑剂沿井筒分布	—
	井下鹰眼	孔眼磨蚀情况-进液/进砂情况	—

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