四川盆地安岳气田烃源层-储层有机质的碳同位素分布特征研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2096-1693.2025.01.028

石油科学通报 ›› 2025, Vol. 10 ›› Issue (6): 1099-1113. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-1693.2025.01.028

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四川盆地安岳气田烃源层-储层有机质的碳同位素分布特征研究

杨程宇¹^,²^,^*(), 王铁冠¹^,², 齐雪宁³, 李美俊¹^,², 张剑锋¹^,²

1 中国石油大学(北京)克拉玛依校区石油学院，克拉玛依 834000
2 中国石油大学(北京)油气资源与工程全国重点实验室，北京 102249
3 中国石油勘探开发研究院，北京 100083

收稿日期:2025-08-14 修回日期:2025-10-20 出版日期:2025-12-30 发布日期:2025-12-30
通讯作者: * cmbruceyoung@163.com
作者简介:杨程宇(1987年－)，博士研究生，讲师，从事油气地球化学、储层地质学研究，cmbruceyoung@163.com。
基金资助:
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2462023YJRC011);国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(41903059)

Carbon isotopic distribution characteristics and genetic analysis of organic matter in the source-reservoir systems of the Anyue Gas Field, Sichuan Basin

YANG Chengyu¹^,²^,^*(), WANG Tieguan¹^,², QI Xuening³, LI Meijun¹^,², ZHANG Jianfeng¹^,²

1 College of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay, Karamay 834000, China
2 State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
3 Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina, Beijing 100083, China

Received:2025-08-14 Revised:2025-10-20 Online:2025-12-30 Published:2025-12-30

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

沉积有机质的碳同位素分布特征常被用作油源对比、有机质成因及古环境分析的依据,但当有机质进入过成熟阶段后，裂解作用会导致同位素分馏，使其碳同位素分布特征出现倒转等变化。特别是在深层和超深层的油气地质研究中，有机质碳同位素倒转的现象一直以来都是重点和难点。本文基于现有数据和相关研究成果揭示了四川盆地川中隆起安岳气田烃源岩、储层中各类固体及液体有机质的碳同位素分布特征，探讨了其成因机制。研究表明，由于古油藏经历了热事件的改造，烃源层和储层中早先形成的原始液态烃均遭裂解并形成了气态烃、残余液态烃和焦沥青三种产物，其中焦沥青可分为烃源层原位焦沥青和储层焦沥青。在现今的烃源层和储层中，出现了干酪根碳同位素值低于液态烃的总体倒转现象，同时也出现了饱和烃、芳烃碳同位素值高于非烃和沥青质的局部倒转现象；储层中的焦沥青碳同位素值分别低于干酪根和液态烃。综合相关数据和模拟实验结果分析可知，裂解过程中的碳同位素富集效应是烃源岩和储层样品中观测到的同位素倒转现象主要原因。烃源层和古油藏储层中的原始液态烃经过高温裂解后形成残余液态烃的碳同位素值整体升高了约4‰，由于烃源层和古油藏储层的受热程度不同，其残余液态烃中不同的族组分的碳同位素值升高幅度不同；储层焦沥青虽然主要继承了储层原油的同位素特征，但在其形成过程中发生的TSR作用可能也对其碳同位素值的异常偏轻有一定的积极作用。总之，导致研究区烃源层和储层中出现碳同位素倒转现象的主要原因是液态烃裂解过程中的碳同位素分馏效应，这可能是经历过高温的深层和超深层油气藏中的普遍现象。

关键词: 碳同位素, 碳同位素倒转, 有机质, 古油藏, 安岳气田

Abstract:

The distribution characteristics of carbon isotopes in sedimentary organic matter are often used as indicators for oil-source correlation, determination of organic matter origins, and paleoenvironmental analysis. However, when organic matter reaches the over-mature stage, cracking processes can lead to isotopic fractionation, resulting in anomalies such as carbon isotope reversal. This phenomenon, particularly in deep and ultra-deep petroleum systems, has long been a key and challenging issue in hydrocarbon geology research. This study examines the carbon isotopic distributionsof various solid and liquid organic materials from source rocks and reservoirs in the Anyue Gas Field, the central Sichuan Uplift, Sichuan Basin, based on existing data and relevant research. The findings indicate that paleo-oil reservoirs experienced thermal alteration, causing the early-formed liquid hydrocarbons in both source and reservoir layers to crack into gaseous hydrocarbons, residual liquid hydrocarbons, and pyrobitumen. The pyrobitumen can be categorized into in-situ pyrobitumen in source rocks and reservoir pyrobitumen. In present-day source and reservoir layers, an overall inversion is observed where kerogen has lower δ¹³C values than liquid hydrocarbons, along with a localized inversion in which saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons show higher δ¹³C values than non-hydrocarbon components and asphaltenes. Additionally, the δ¹³C values of reservoir pyrobitumen are lower than those of both kerogen and liquid hydrocarbons. Comprehensive analysis of relevant data and simulation experiments indicates that carbon isotopic enrichment during hydrocarbon cracking is the primary cause of the observed isotopic inversions in both source and reservoir samples. After high-temperature cracking, the residual liquid hydrocarbons derived from original liquid hydrocarbons in source rocks and paleo-reservoirs exhibit an overall increase in δ¹³C values of approximately 4‰. Due to varying thermal exposure in source rocks and paleo-reservoirs, the extent of δ¹³C increase differs among various group components of the residual liquid hydrocarbons. Although reservoir pyrobitumen largely inherits the isotopic signature of the original crude oil, thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) during its formation may also contribute to its anomalously light carbon isotopic values. In summary, the carbon isotopic inversions observed in the source and reservoir layers of the study area are primarily attributed to carbon isotopic fractionation during liquid hydrocarbon cracking—a phenomenon that may be common in deep and ultra-deep petroleum reservoirs that have experienced high temperatures.

Key words: carbon isotope, carbon isotopic reversal, organic matter, paleo-oil reservoir, Anyue Gas Field

中图分类号:

P618.13
TP18

杨程宇, 王铁冠, 齐雪宁, 李美俊, 张剑锋. 四川盆地安岳气田烃源层-储层有机质的碳同位素分布特征研究[J]. 石油科学通报, 2025, 10(6): 1099-1113.

YANG Chengyu, WANG Tieguan, QI Xuening, LI Meijun, ZHANG Jianfeng. Carbon isotopic distribution characteristics and genetic analysis of organic matter in the source-reservoir systems of the Anyue Gas Field, Sichuan Basin[J]. Petroleum Science Bulletin, 2025, 10(6): 1099-1113.

https://sykxtb.cup.edu.cn/CN/Y2025/V10/I6/1099

图/表 10

图1 四川盆地川中隆起安岳气田地质背景图
(a) 地理区位图，(b) 地层柱状图，(c) 构造等高线图

Fig. 1 Geological maps of Anyue Gas Field in Chuanzhong Uplift of Sichuan Basin (ELIP)

表1 四川盆地川中隆起安岳气田储层焦沥青和烃源层的基础地球化学参数

Table 1 The basic geochemical parameters of reservoir pyrobitumen and shale in Anyue Gas Field in Chuanzhong Uplift of Sichuan Basin

井号	深度/m	岩性	层位	TOC/%	抽提物/%	饱和烃/%	芳烃/%	非烃/%	沥青质/%
MX205	4599	白云岩	Є₁l		0.002	20.50	20.50	18.20	22.70
MX207	4751				0.001	52.30	7.70	36.90	0.00
GS11	4573				0.003	48.40	19.40	12.90	0.00
MX13	4610				0.009	65.20	20.10	11.50	2.00
MX204	4656				0.004	55.20	7.00	23.80	9.80
AP1	5032	页岩	Є₁q	2.417	0.011	14.58	14.58	18.75	27.08
GS17	4971			3.980	0.009	2.50	0.80	0.80	0.20
GS17	4976			1.028	0.009	10.00	35.00	25.00	25.00
GS17	4979			0.930	0.017	35.14	27.03	29.73	27.03
GS17	4982			1.114	0.013	34.78	10.87	8.70	21.74
GS17	4983			1.211	0.015	23.40	12.77	12.77	23.40
MX9	4964			1.857	0.005	27.27	9.09	4.55	31.82
MX9	4967			5.274	0.006	29.41	11.76	11.76	23.53
GS2	5015	白云岩	Z₂dn		0.007	46.90	19.20	12.40	13.60
GS7	5327				0.016	5.80	2.50	24.00	57.60
MX13	5100				0.002	34.70	16.70	15.30	23.60
MX17	5074				0.002	23.60	6.30	21.30	31.50
MX21	5139				0.002	28.20	28.20	0.00	23.10

图2 四川盆地川中隆起安岳气田页岩中类镜质组显微组分(VLMs)与原位焦沥青(ISP)的光学结构特征

Fig. 2 Optical texture of VLMs and ISP in shale in Anyue Gas Field in Chuanzhong Uplift of Sichuan Basin

图3 四川盆地川中隆起安岳气田储层焦沥青在偏振反射光下的光学结构特征

Fig. 3 Optical texture evolution of reservoir pyrobitumen under polarized reflect light in Anyue Gas Field in Chuanzhong Uplift of Sichuan Basin

表2 四川盆地川中隆起安岳气田烃源层及储层中各类有机质的碳同位素分布特征

Table 2 Isotopic composition δ¹³C_PDB of organic matter in shale and reservoir in Anyue Gas Field in Chuanzhong Uplift of Sichuan Basin

井号	深度/m	岩性	层位	δ¹³C (PDB)/‰
				抽提物				干酪根	焦沥青
				饱和烃	芳烃	非烃	沥青质	干酪根	焦沥青
MX205	4599	白云岩	Є₁l	-29.3	-29.1	-27.8	-28.5	--	--
GS11	4573			-29.1	-29.9	-29.9	--	--	-34.0
MX13	4610			-29.7	-28.6	-28.9	--	--	-33.2
MX204	4656			-28.8	-28.4	-28.7	-28.2	--	-34.2
MX207	4751			-29.8	-28.7	-27.7	--	--	--
MX56	4966			--	--	--	--	--	-35.1
GS2	5015		Z₂dn	-30.5	-28.2	-29.6	-28.6	--	-34.4
GS105	5220			--	--	--	--	--	-35.4
GS7	5327			-29.2	-28.2	-27.0	-28.0	--	-35.2
MX13	5100			-29.6	-30.2	-27.8	-28.9	--	--
MX17	5074			-28.9	-28.8	-28.1	-28.3	--	--
MX21	5139			-28.6	-29.7	-29.5	-29.2	--	--
平均值				-29.4	-29.0	-28.5	-28.6
AP1	5032	页岩	Є₁q	-27.5	-27.6	-28.9	-27.6	-32.6	--
GS17	4971			-27.3	-27.6	-28.1	-28.1	-31.4	--
GS17	4976			-28.2	-27.5	-29.3	-28.6	-32.2	--
GS17	4979			-28.2	-27.5	-29.3	-28.6	-32.1	--
GS17	4982			-27.9	-28.0	-29.8	-28.1	-32.3	--
GS17	4983			-27.5	-27.3	-30.1	-29.1	-32.4	--
MX9	4964			-27.6	-27.4	-29.8	-28.3	-31.7	--
MX9	4967			-27.9	-27.2	-29.8	-28.8	-30.9	--
平均值				-27.8	-27.5	-29.4	-28.4	-32.0	-34.5

图4 四川盆地川中隆起安岳气田烃源岩有机质碳同位素分布特征

Fig. 4 Isotopic distribution of organic matter in shales in Anyue Gas Field in Chuanzhong Uplift of Sichuan Basin

图5 四川盆地川中隆起安岳气田储层有机质碳同位素分布特征

Fig. 5 Isotopic distribution of organic matter in reservoirs in Anyue Gas Field in Chuanzhong Uplift of Sichuan Basin

图6 四川盆地川中隆起安岳气田GS6井埋藏史与典型井地热流曲线图^{[33-35,56 -57,60 -61]}

Fig. 6 Burial history of the Gs6 well and the terrestrial heatflow curves of typical wells in Anyue Gas Field in Chuanzhong Uplift of Sichuan Basin ^{[33-35,56 -57,60 -61]}

图7 四川盆地和塔里木盆古生代烃源岩有机质碳同位素分布特征对比^[63]

Fig. 7 Comparison of organic carbon isotope distribution characteristics in Paleozoic source rocks between the Sichuan Basin and the Tarim Basin^[63]

图8 四川盆地川中隆起安岳气田储层中焦沥青最大反射率(BR_{o, max})与热解产物δ¹³C_PDB同位素关系图^[50]

Fig. 8 Scatter plot between the BR_{o, max} of pyrobitumen and the isotopic composition δ¹³C_PDB of pyrolysate in the reservoir in Anyue Gas Field in Chuanzhong Uplift of Sichuan Basin^[50]

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四川盆地安岳气田烃源层-储层有机质的碳同位素分布特征研究

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