Research progress on the influence of shale rock fabric on hydraulic fracturing effect and fracture morphology

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2096-1693.2026.01.034

Abstract

Abstract:

Hydraulic fracturing is critical to the effective stimulation and commercial development of shale reservoirs, requiring comprehensive consideration of fluid mechanics, rock mechanics, chemistry, and geology. The strong heterogeneity and anisotropy of shale rock fabric, defined as the geometric morphology and spatial distribution of mineral grains, cements, organic matter, pores, and fractures, fundamentally govern the initiation, propagation paths, and ultimate fracture network geometry of hydraulic fractures. This paper systematically reviews the characteristics of mineral composition and distribution, organic matter occurrence, pore types and structures, bedding planes, and natural fractures, and analyzes their influences on fracture height, network complexity, conductivity, breakdown pressure, and fluid leak-off, while also comparing the fabric differences between marine and continental shales. The review demonstrates that the control of shale fabric on hydraulic fracturing follows a cross-scale transfer chain of “multi-scale fabric to anisotropy to fracturing response,” and that the spatial matching between physical anisotropy, dominated by minerals, organic matter, and pores, and structural anisotropy, dominated by bedding planes and natural fractures, is the core determinant of fracture network complexity. Conventional brittleness index-based evaluation methods fail to effectively assess fracability because they overlook this matching relationship. Finally, this paper identifies key research gaps in cross-scale quantitative characterization, differentiated evaluation systems for continental shale, and full-cycle multi-field coupling mechanisms, and proposes the development of a multi-parameter comprehensive fracability criterion centered on anisotropy matching degree.

Key words: mineral composition, organic matter, porosity, bedding, natural fractures, anisotropy, hydraulic fracturing

摘要：

水力压裂是决定页岩储层能否实现有效改造与开发的关键，需要综合考虑流体力学、岩石力学、化学、地质学等多个方面。页岩岩石组构，即岩石中矿物颗粒、胶结物、有机质、孔隙、裂隙等的几何形态与空间分布特征，具有强非均质性和各向异性，其从根本上控制着水力压裂缝的起裂、扩展路径及最终缝网形态。本文系统梳理了矿物组分与分布、有机质赋存、孔隙类型与结构、层理与天然裂缝等组构特征，分析了其对裂缝高度、缝网复杂度、导流能力、起裂压力及滤失的影响，并对比了海相与陆相页岩的组构差异。分析表明，页岩组构对压裂的控制遵循多尺度组构—各向异性—压裂响应的跨尺度传递规律，物性各向异性与结构各向异性的空间匹配度是决定缝网复杂度的核心，传统脆性指数因忽略两者间的匹配关系而难以有效评价可压性。最后指出现有研究在跨尺度定量表征、陆相页岩差异化评价及全周期多场耦合等方面的不足，并提出以各向异性匹配度为核心的多参数综合判据的构建方向。

关键词: 矿物组分, 有机质, 孔隙, 层理, 天然裂缝, 各向异性, 水力压裂

YU Jiaqi, LIN Tiefeng, YAO Donghua, LIU Xin, PAN Yi. Research progress on the influence of shale rock fabric on hydraulic fracturing effect and fracture morphology[J]. Petroleum Science Bulletin, 2026, 11(4): 1388-1405.

于佳琪, 林铁锋, 姚东华, 刘鑫, 潘毅. 页岩岩石组构对水力压裂效果及裂缝形态影响研究进展[J]. 石油科学通报, 2026, 11(4): 1388-1405.

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URL: https://sykxtb.cup.edu.cn/EN/10.3969/j.issn.2096-1693.2026.01.034

https://sykxtb.cup.edu.cn/EN/Y2026/V11/I4/1388

Figures/Tables 13

Fig. 1 Shale whole rock (a) and clay minerals (b) in Qingyi Member of Sanzhao Depression composition diagram^[10]

Fig. 2 Shape of hydraulic fracture propagation under stress shadow^[18]

Fig. 3 Microscopic morphology of clay minerals after fracturing fluid treatment^[32]

Fig. 4 Relationship between density of foliation fissures and TOC content in shale beds of Wufeng Formation and Longmaxi Formation in southeastern Sichuan Basin^[33]

Fig. 5 Two-dimensional micro-CT images of kerogen pyrolysis hydrocarbon generation control fractures at different temperatures^[35]

Fig. 6 Fracture microstructure characteristics of shale samples before and after hydration^[46]

Fig. 7 Pore types of Paleogene shale in Huanghua Depression, Bohai Bay Basin^[55]

Fig. 8 Schematic diagram of influence of bedding on fracture spreading morphology of hydraulic fracturing^[66]

Fig. 9 Effect of cementation strength of bedding plane on fracture propagation^[73]

Fig. 10 Natural fracture orientation of shale outcrops in the Longmaxi Formation, Sichuan Basin^[78]

Fig. 11 Propagation path after intersection of hydraulic fracture and natural fracture^[86]

Table 1 Fracture-control mechanisms and hierarchical classification of different shale fabric components

组构要素	关键参数	作用机制	控制层级
脆性矿物	脆性含量分布方式	脆性矿物含量与破裂压力呈线性关系，但控裂本质在于脆性矿物与黏土基质互层形成高模量层与低断裂韧性层交替	物质基础层
黏土矿物	黏土含量黏土类型	黏土矿物通过力学耗能-化学软化-颗粒运移三重途径构成导流伤害链，含量超阈值时剪切滑移取代张性破裂成为主导	物质基础层
有机质	TOC含量热成熟度(R_o)	有机质以生烃超压预置弱面与模量差异引导裂缝为利，以低熟塑性耗能与高TOC黏土协同增强塑性为弊，成熟度决定功能转换	物质-结构过渡层
孔隙	孔隙类型孔隙结构	粒间孔与微裂隙直接诱导裂缝起裂与扩展，有机质孔与粒内孔主导毛管自吸与能量耗散，两类孔隙的控制取决于占比及孔隙结构	物质基础层
层理	密度胶结强度倾角	层理面为力学突变的沉积界面，密度决定遭遇频率，强度控制穿透与否，倾角影响张/剪破坏模式转换	结构控制层
天然裂缝	地应力场特征天然裂缝属性	逼近角与应力差决定基本模式，天然裂缝系统属性影响后续路径，缝尖诱导应力使该过程处于动态演化	结构控制层

Fig. 12 Multi-scale fabric-anisotropy-fracturing response mechanism framework diagram

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